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Here’s How To Track The Smartphone Apps That Are Tracking You
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Free software setup. API access. Source code access. Add custom features. Just as a person shouting drowns out someone whispering, the boost in RF watts of power into the cell telephone system can overtake and control that system—in total or only a few, or even only one, conversation. This strategy requires only more RF power, and thus it is more simple than other types of secret control. Power boosting equipment can be installed anywhere there can be an antenna, including in a vehicle, perhaps even in a vehicle on the move.
Once a secretly boosted system takes control, any manipulation is possible from simple recording of the voice or data to total blocking of all cell phones in the geographic area. A StingRay can be used to identify and track a phone or other compatible cellular data device even while the device is not engaged in a call or accessing data services. A Stingray closely resembles a portable cellphone tower.
Typically, law enforcement officials place the Stingray in their vehicle with a compatible computer software.
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The Stingray acts as a cellular tower to send out signals to get the specific device to connect to it. Cell phones are programmed to connect with the cellular tower offering the best signal. When the phone and Stingray connect, the computer system determines the strength of the signal and thus the distance to the device. Then, the vehicle moves to another location and sends out signals until it connects with the phone.
When the signal strength is determined from enough locations, the computer system centralizes the phone and is able to find it. Cell phones are programmed to constantly search for the strongest signal emitted from cell phone towers in the area. Over the course of the day, most cell phones connect and reconnect to multiple towers in an attempt to connect to the strongest, fastest, or closest signal. Because of the way they are designed, the signals that the Stingray emits are far stronger than those coming from surrounding towers.
For this reason, all cell phones in the vicinity connect to the Stingray regardless of the cell phone owner's knowledge.
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From there, the stingray is capable of locating the device, interfering with the device, and collecting personal data from the device. The FBI has claimed that when used to identify, locate, or track a cellular device, the StingRay does not collect communications content or forward it to the service provider. On August 21, , Senator Ron Wyden noted that Harris Corporation confirmed that Stingrays disrupt the targeted phone's communications.
By way of software upgrades, [29] [30] the StingRay and similar Harris products can be used to intercept GSM communications content transmitted over-the-air between a target cellular device and a legitimate service provider cell site. The StingRay does this by way of the following man-in-the-middle attack : 1 simulate a cell site and force a connection from the target device, 2 download the target device's IMSI and other identifying information, 3 conduct "GSM Active Key Extraction" [29] to obtain the target device's stored encryption key, 4 use the downloaded identifying information to simulate the target device over-the-air, 5 while simulating the target device, establish a connection with a legitimate cell site authorized to provide service to the target device, 6 use the encryption key to authenticate the StingRay to the service provider as being the target device, and 7 forward signals between the target device and the legitimate cell site while decrypting and recording communications content.
A GSM phone encrypts all communications content using an encryption key stored on its SIM card with a copy stored at the service provider. This weaker encryption cypher can be cracked in real-time. A rogue base station can force unencrypted links, if supported by the handset software. In such cases the phone display could indicate the use of an unsafe link - but the user interface software in most phones does not interrogate the handset's radio subsystem for use of this insecure mode nor display any warning indication. By "passive mode," it is meant that the StingRay does not mimic a wireless carrier cell site or communicate directly with cellular devices.
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A StingRay and a test phone can be used to conduct base station surveys, which is the process of collecting information on cell sites, including identification numbers, signal strength, and signal coverage areas. When conducting base station surveys, the StingRay mimics a cell phone while passively collecting signals being transmitted by cell-sites in the area of the StingRay.
Base station survey data can be used to further narrow the past locations of a cellular device if used in conjunction with historical cell site location information "HCSLI" obtained from a wireless carrier. HCSLI includes a list of all cell sites and sectors accessed by a cellular device, and the date and time each access was made. Law enforcement will often obtain HCSLI from wireless carriers in order to determine where a particular cell phone was located in the past.
Once this information is obtained, law enforcement will use a map of cell site locations to determine the past geographical locations of the cellular device. However, the signal coverage area of a given cell site may change according to the time of day, weather, and physical obstructions in relation to where a cellular device attempts to access service.
The maps of cell site coverage areas used by law enforcement may also lack precision as a general matter. For these reasons, it is beneficial to use a StingRay and a test phone to map out the precise coverage areas of all cell sites appearing in the HCSLI records.
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This is typically done at the same time of day and under the same weather conditions that were in effect when the HCSLI was logged. Using a StingRay to conduct base station surveys in this manner allows for mapping out cell site coverage areas that more accurately match the coverage areas that were in effect when the cellular device was used. The use of the devices has been frequently funded by grants from the Department of Homeland Security. In addition to federal law enforcement, military and intelligence agencies, StingRays have in recent years been purchased by local and state law enforcement agencies.
In , Harris Corporation employees directly conducted wireless surveillance using StingRay units on behalf the Palm Bay Police Department — where Harris has a campus [38] — in response to a bomb threat against a middle school. The search was conducted without a warrant or Judicial oversight. State police have cell site simulators in Oklahoma, Louisiana, and Pennsylvania, and Delaware.
The police use of cell site simulators is unknown in the remaining states. However, many agencies do not disclose their use of StingRay technology, so these statistics are still potentially an under-representation of the actual number of agencies. According to the most recent information published by the American Civil Liberties Union, 72 law enforcement agencies in 24 states own StingRay technology in Since , these numbers have increased from 42 agencies in 17 states [60]. Several court decisions have been issued on the legality of using a Stingray without a warrant, with some courts ruling a warrant is required [45] [46] [47] and others not requiring a warrant.
They also stated that they intended to make use of such devices in the future.